Analysis of spatial and temporal water pollution patterns in Lake Dianchi using multivariate statistical methods

Various multivariate statistical methods including cluster analysis (CA), discriminant analysis (DA), factor analysis (FA), and principal component analysis (PCA) were used to explain the spatial and temporal patterns of surface water pollution in Lake Dianchi. The dataset, obtained during the period 2003–2007 from the Kunming Environmental Monitoring Center, consisted of 12 variables surveyed monthly at eight sites. The CA grouped the 12 months into two groups, August–September and the remainder, and divided the lake into two regions based on their different physicochemical properties and pollution levels. The DA showed the best results for data reduction and pattern recognition in both temporal and spatial analysis. It calculated four parameters (TEMP, pH, COD_Mn, and Chl-a) to 85.4% correct assignment in the temporal analysis and three parameters (BOD, NH 2009/11/20Heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn) concentrations were determined in different tissues (muscle, kidney, liver, brain, gonads, heart and feathers) of Glaucous Gulls (Larus hyperboreus) from Bjørnøya and Jan Mayen. The age and spatial dependent variations in heavy metals were quantified and interpreted in view of the three chemometric techniques, i.e. non-parametric Mann–Whitney U test, redundancy gradient analysis and detrended correspondence analysis. The Glaucous Gulls from Bjørnøya contained significantly higher (p?<?0.05) levels of Cd, Cu and Zn than those inhabited Jan Mayen. Adult birds were characterized by greater (p?<?0.01) concentration of muscle, hepatic and renal heavy metals in comparison to chicks. Insignificantly higher slope constant Zn/Cd for the liver than for the kidney may reflect insignificant Cd exposure. Estimate of transfer factor (TF) allows us to assess variations in heavy metal concentrations during the individual development of Glaucous Gulls. It may be stated that there is a distinct increase of bioaccumulation of all the studied metals during subsequent stages of the bird life.     

重量分析法测定溶液中钡含量的不确定度评定

对硫酸钡重量法与仪器分析相结合测定溶液中钡含量的不确定度评定,给出了评定步骤。确定了不确定度来源为测量重复性、样品质量、沉淀质量、滤液和洗涤液中Ba2+量、机械损失Ba2+量、沉淀包夹BaCl2量和Na2SO4量、钡和硫酸钡的摩尔质量。采用统计方法得到了A类不确定度量值;利用所获得各种信息,对B类不确定度各个不确定度分量,逐个进行量化。从而获得合成标准不确定度和扩展不确定度。     

17α-乙炔基雌二醇的降解及其共基质代谢特性

以一株降解甾体雌激素17α-乙炔基雌二醇(EE2)的鞘氨醇杆菌(Sphingobacterium sp.)JCR5为材料,研究了JCR5降解EE2的适宜接种量、底物利用情况和添加营养物对降解能力的影响.结果表明,在接种量为7%(体积分数)(OD600≈1)时,EE2的降解率最高;JCR5能够利用甾体雌激素(甾酮、17β-雌二醇、雌三醇以及炔雌醇甲醚),避孕药生产中间体以及一些芳烃化合物为唯一碳源生长;添加少量葡萄糖、蛋白胨和酵母粉,均能促进JCR5对EE2的降解.葡萄糖、17β-雌二醇(E2)分别与EE2的共基质代谢试验表明,在共基质条件下,葡萄糖的存在对EE2的降解起到一定的促进作用,而E2的存在对EE2的降解具有一定的抑制作用.利用HPLC检测EE2降解过程发现,在EE2降解的同时伴有未知的EE2代谢产物峰出现.      

Spatial distribution of potentially bioavailable metals in surface soils of a contaminated sports ground in Galway, Ireland

Assessing the environmental risk of metal contamination in soils requires the determination of both total (TCs) and bioavailable (BCs) element concentrations. A total of 200 surface (0–10 cm) soil samples were collected from an urban sports ground (South Park) in Galway, Ireland, a former landfill and dumping site, which is currently under remediation. The potential BCs of metals were measured using ethylene-diamine-tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) extraction followed by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry analysis, while the TCs were determined using portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. It was found that Zn was primarily present in the insoluble residue (EDTA un-extractable) fraction in soils, with the median ratio of BCs/TCs 0.27. However, Pb and Cu had higher ratios of BCs/TCs (median values of 0.60 and 0.39, respectively) suggesting that they are potentially more bioavailable in the soils. The spatial distribution maps showed that both TCs and BCs for Cu, Pb and Zn in the study area were spatially heterogeneous. It was found that the BCs exhibited generally similar spatial patterns as their TCs of Cu, Pb and Zn: high values were mainly located in the west, north-east and south-east portions of the study area, where only a thin layer of topsoil existed. It was recommended that the current remediation action for this site needs to be carried out on an urgent basis.     

氧化锰八面体分子筛(OMS-2)负载Pd催化剂的制备及其CO催化氧化性能

通过前掺杂法(PI)和浸渍法(IM)制备了氧化锰八面体分子筛(Octahedral Molecular Sieves,OMS-2)负载Pd(Pd/OMS-2)催化剂.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、H2-程序升温还原(H2-TPR)和N2-吸附/脱附等技术对样品进行了表征,研究了不同制备方法和不同Pd负载量对Pd/OMS-2催化剂催化氧化CO性能的影响,通过与载体OMS-2的比较研究了Pd/OMS-2催化剂的稳定性.结果表明,前掺杂法制备的Pd/OMS-2-PI催化剂活性明显优于浸渍法制备的Pd/OMS-2-IM催化剂,其T100分别为75℃和175℃.这与Pd/OMS-2-PI催化剂中OMS-2载体与Pd之间存在强相互作用有关.Pd负载量明显影响Pd/OMS-2-PI催化剂的催化活性,3Pd/OMS-2-PI催化剂(Pd=3.0wt%)催化活性最高,这是由于Pd掺杂进入OMS-2晶格结构,能活化晶格氧,而随Pd含量进一步增加,部分Pd分布在OMS-2表面.稳定性结果表明,Pd/OMS-2-PI稳定性明显优于OMS-2载体本身,这可能与Pd掺杂进入催化剂晶格,能较好稳定OMS-2结构密切相关.     

Cadmium uptake by a phytoplankton species in the presence of different inhibitors&

The uptake of cadmium by the Haptophyceae Hymenomonas elongata was studied as regards the energetic processes and Ca‐transport. For this purpose, experiments were carried out in the presence of an uncoupler of the phosphorylation : CCCP and of an inhibitor of calcium channels and also of Ca²⁺‐ATPase : verapamil. To reduce the number of assays, a factorial experimental design was used, in which all variables:— concentration of Cd in the medium—incubation time and—the presence of the inhibitor, are at two levels. In the absence of inhibitor, Cd uptake was found to vary as a function of metal concentration in the medium and of incubation time. CCCP significantly increased Cd uptake by H. elongata at sufficient incubation time. Therefore Cd uptake seemed linked to an energy‐dependent process, involving an ATPase. Verapamil immediately increased Cd uptake, implying an interaction between Cd and Ca.     

Factors influencing silver recovery and power generation in bio-electrochemical reactors

The recovery of silver from Ag⁺ solution coupled with power generation was investigated in bio-electrochemical system (BES). In this system, chemical energy existing in the organic matter in the anode chamber can be converted biologically to electrical energy which can be used for the reduction of Ag⁺ ions in the cathode chamber. Results showed that type of substrate influenced the metabolic pathway and affected the cell voltage progression, and columbic efficiency. Silver recovery was not affected by increasing initial pH (2.0 to 7.0) and Ag⁺ concentration (100 to 1000 mg/L) in the catholyte, whereas power generation was improved. A maximum power density of 8258 mW/m³ and a columbic efficiency of 21.61% could be achieved with 1000 mg/L of Ag⁺. Ag⁺ ions were reduced to form metallic deposits as Ag⁰ crystals on the cathode surface, which were then confirmed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) image and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrum. The BES reactor had high silver removal (i.e., >96%) after 24 h of operation. When considering the crossover of Ag⁺ ions through the cation exchange membrane, the removal was in the range of 83.73–92.51%. This crossover was not considerable as compared to the Ag⁺ initial concentration. At higher initial Ag⁺ concentration (2000 mg/L), the silver removal decreased to 88.61% and the maximum power density decreased to 5396 mW/m³. This study clearly showed that BES can be employed for silver recovery, wastewater treatment, and also electricity generation.     

Heavy haze pollution during the COVID-19 lockdown in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, China

To investigate the characteristics of particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm (PM_2.5) and its chemical compositions in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region of China during the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) lockdown, the ground-based data of PM_2.5, trace gases, water-soluble inorganic ions, and organic and elemental carbon were analyzed in three typical cities (Beijing, Tianjin, and Baoding) in the BTH region of China from 5-15 February 2020. The PM_2.5 source apportionment was established by combining the weather research and forecasting model and comprehensive air quality model with extensions (WRF-CAMx). The results showed that the maximum daily PM_2.5 concentration reached the heavy pollution level (>150 μg/m³) in the above three cities. The sum concentration of SO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻ and NH₄⁺ played a dominant position in PM_2.5 chemical compositions of Beijing, Tianjin, and Baoding; secondary transformation of gaseous pollutants contributed significantly to PM_2.5 generation, and the secondary transformation was enhanced as the increased PM_2.5 concentrations. The results of WRF-CAMx showed obviously inter-transport of PM_2.5 in the BTH region; the contribution of transportation source decreased significantly than previous reports in Beijing, Tianjin, and Baoding during the COVID-19 lockdown; but the contribution of industrial and residential emission sources increased significantly with the increase of PM_2.5 concentration, and industry emission sources contributed the most to PM_2.5 concentrations. Therefore, control policies should be devoted to reducing industrial emissions and regional joint control strategies to mitigate haze pollution.     

改善典型硝胺类易燃易爆材料引燃性能研究

通过针对典型硝胺类易燃易爆材料黑索今(RDX)和奥克托今(HMX)的引燃性能实验,研究了掺混碳黑和反应体系的封闭对上述药剂引燃特性的影响规律。研究表明,碳黑对硝胺类易燃易爆材料的激光吸收率有重要影响;反应体系的密封可以有效提高激光引燃感度,缩短激光引燃延迟时间,改善硝胺类易燃易爆材料的激光引燃性能。     

环境保护因素对钢铁工业的影响

讨论了环境因素对我国钢铁工业的影响,重点分析了SO2等污染物对企业发展的限制,指出了钢铁企业排污经费及管理上存在的问题,为钢铁企业可持续发展提出了建设性意见。